菜單驅(qū)動程序簡介

菜單驅(qū)動程序是一個(gè)通過顯示選項(xiàng)列表(稱為菜單)從用戶那里獲得輸入的程序，用戶可以從中選擇他們的選項(xiàng)。處理菜單驅(qū)動程序的系統(tǒng)很普通，從由微處理器控制的洗衣機(jī)開始，到自動取款機(jī)(自動取款機(jī))。以自動取款機(jī)為例，用戶按單鍵指示交易類型(如果用戶想要現(xiàn)金收據(jù)，或者需要對賬單)。許多情況下，用戶只需按一個(gè)鍵就可以指示要提取的現(xiàn)金數(shù)量。

菜單驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)在兩個(gè)方面是有益的:首先，通過單次擊鍵進(jìn)行輸入，這減少了系統(tǒng)太容易出現(xiàn)用戶錯誤的機(jī)會。其次，菜單驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)限制了字符范圍，導(dǎo)致輸入的方式變得明確。因此，這兩個(gè)特性使得整個(gè)系統(tǒng)非常用戶友好。

在接下來的教程中，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些用 Python 編寫的菜單驅(qū)動程序。這些程序?qū)⒆屛覀兞私獠藛悟?qū)動程序的不同方面，以及 Python 編程語言的不同庫和模塊。

那么，讓我們開始吧。

使用函數(shù)計(jì)算不同形狀的參數(shù)和面積

程序:

# defining functions
def p_circle(radius):
    para = 2 * 3.14 * radius
    print("Parameter of Circle:", para)

def p_rectangle(height, width):
    para = 2 * (height + width)
    print("Parameter of Rectangle:", para)

def p_square(side):
    para = 4 * side
    print("Parameter of Square:", para)

def a_circle(radius):
    area = 3.14 * radius * radius
    print("Area of Circle:", area)

def a_rectangle(height, width):
    area = height * width
    print("Area of Rectangle:", area)

def a_square(side):
    area = side * side
    print("Area of Square:", area)

# printing the starting line
print("WELCOME TO A SIMPLE MENSURATION PROGRAM")

# creating options
while True:
    print("\nMAIN MENU")
    print("1\. Calculate Parameter")
    print("2\. Calculate Area")
    print("3\. Exit")
    choice1 = int(input("Enter the Choice:"))

    if choice1 == 1:
        print("\nCALCULATE PARAMETER")
        print("1\. Circle")
        print("2\. Rectangle")
        print("3\. Square")
        print("4\. Exit")
        choice2 = int(input("Enter the Choice:"))

        if choice2 == 1:
            radius = int(input("Enter Radius of Circle:"))
            p_circle(radius)

        elif choice2 == 2:
            height = int(input("Enter Height of Rectangle:"))
            width = int(input("Enter Width of Rectangle:"))
            p_rectangle(height, width)

        elif choice2 == 3:
            side = int(input("Enter Side of Square:"))
            p_square(side)

        elif choice2 == 4:
            break

        else:
            print("Oops! Incorrect Choice.")

    elif choice1 == 2:
        print("\nCALCULATE AREA")
        print("1\. Circle")
        print("2\. Rectangle")
        print("3\. Square")
        print("4\. Exit")
        choice3 = int(input("Enter the Choice:"))

        if choice3 == 1:
            radius = int(input("Enter Radius of Circle:"))
            a_circle(radius)

        elif choice3 == 2:
            height = int(input("Enter Height of Rectangle:"))
            width = int(input("Enter Width of Rectangle:"))
            a_rectangle(height, width)

        elif choice3 == 3:
            side = int(input("Enter Side of Square:"))
            a_square(side)

        elif choice3 == 4:
            break

        else:
            print("Oops! Incorrect Choice.")

    elif choice1 == 3:
        break

    else:
        print("Oops! Incorrect Choice.")

輸出:

WELCOME TO A SIMPLE MENSURATION PROGRAM

MAIN MENU
1\. Calculate Parameter
2\. Calculate Area
3\. Exit
Enter the Choice:1

CALCULATE PARAMETER
1\. Circle
2\. Rectangle
3\. Square
4\. Exit
Enter the Choice:2
Enter Height of Rectangle:4
Enter Width of Rectangle:5
Parameter of Rectangle: 18

MAIN MENU
1\. Calculate Parameter
2\. Calculate Area
3\. Exit
Enter the Choice:2

CALCULATE AREA
1\. Circle
2\. Rectangle
3\. Square
4\. Exit
Enter the Choice:1
Enter Radius of Circle:2
Area of Circle: 12.56

MAIN MENU
1\. Calculate Parameter
2\. Calculate Area
3\. Exit
Enter the Choice:5
Oops! Incorrect Choice.

MAIN MENU
1\. Calculate Parameter
2\. Calculate Area
3\. Exit
Enter the Choice:3

說明:

在上面的例子中，我們定義了不同的函數(shù)來打印計(jì)算后的估計(jì)值。這些函數(shù)分別包括圓、矩形和正方形的參數(shù)和面積。然后我們打印了程序的標(biāo)題:歡迎來到一個(gè)簡單的測量程序。下面，我們使用無限的和循環(huán)來打印包含不同選項(xiàng)的主菜單。然后程序使用 if-elif-else 語句要求用戶輸入選擇選項(xiàng)的整數(shù)。如果插入的整數(shù)不在選項(xiàng)列表中，程序還會引發(fā) 異常 。然后我們創(chuàng)建了兩個(gè)不同的子菜單，將參數(shù)選項(xiàng)和區(qū)域選項(xiàng)分開。然后，我們在這些描述不同形狀的子菜單中增加了一些選項(xiàng)。這些選項(xiàng)還采用不同的整數(shù)值，表示圓的半徑、矩形的高度和寬度以及正方形的邊。結(jié)果，成功地創(chuàng)建了菜單驅(qū)動程序，并且能夠計(jì)算不同形狀的參數(shù)和面積。

菜單驅(qū)動程序創(chuàng)建一個(gè)簡單的計(jì)算器

在下面的菜單驅(qū)動程序中，我們將在 Python 中構(gòu)建一個(gè) 簡單計(jì)算器 。我們將使用無限而循環(huán)，功能同上。我們將設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)菜單，允許用戶與計(jì)算器功能交互，如加法、減法、乘法和除法。

讓我們考慮以下程序的語法:

程序:

# defining addition function
def add(a, b):
    sum = a + b
    print(a, "+", b, "=", sum)

# defining subtraction function
def subtract(a, b):
    difference = a - b
    print(a, "-", b, "=", difference)

# defining multiplication function
def multiply(a, b):
    product = a * b
    print(a, "x", b, "=", product)

# defining division function
def divide(a, b):
    division = a / b
    print(a, "/", b, "=", division)

# printing the heading
print("WELCOME TO A SIMPLE CALCULATOR")

# using the while loop to print menu list
while True:
    print("\nMENU")
    print("1\. Sum of two Numbers")
    print("2\. Difference between two Numbers")
    print("3\. Product of two Numbers")
    print("4\. Division of two Numbers")
    print("5\. Exit")
    choice = int(input("\nEnter the Choice: "))

# using if-elif-else statement to pick different options
    if choice == 1:
        print( "\nADDITION\n")
        a = int( input("First Number: "))
        b = int( input("Second Number: "))
        add(a, b)

    elif choice == 2:
        print( "\nSUBTRACTION\n")
        a = int( input("First Number: "))
        b = int( input("Second Number: "))
        subtract(a, b)

    elif choice == 3:
        print( "\nMULTIPLICATION\n")
        a = int( input("First Number: "))
        b = int( input("Second Number: "))
        multiply(a, b)

    elif choice == 4:
        print( "\nDIVISION\n")
        a = int( input("First Number: "))
        b = int( input("Second Number: "))
        divide(a, b)

    elif choice == 5:
        break

    else:
        print( "Please Provide a valid Input!")

輸出:

WELCOME TO A SIMPLE CALCULATOR

MENU
1\. Sum of two Numbers
2\. Difference between two Numbers
3\. Product of two Numbers
4\. Division of two Numbers
5\. Exit

Enter the Choice: 1

ADDITION

First Number: 3
Second Number: 4
3 + 4 = 7

MENU
1\. Sum of two Numbers
2\. Difference between two Numbers
3\. Product of two Numbers
4\. Division of two Numbers
5\. Exit

Enter the Choice: 2

SUBTRACTION

First Number: 6
Second Number: 3
6 - 3 = 3

MENU
1\. Sum of two Numbers
2\. Difference between two Numbers
3\. Product of two Numbers
4\. Division of two Numbers
5\. Exit

Enter the Choice: 3

MULTIPLICATION

First Number: 8
Second Number: 2
8 x 2 = 16

MENU
1\. Sum of two Numbers
2\. Difference between two Numbers
3\. Product of two Numbers
4\. Division of two Numbers
5\. Exit

Enter the Choice: 4

DIVISION

First Number: 10
Second Number: 4
10 / 4 = 2.5

MENU
1\. Sum of two Numbers
2\. Difference between two Numbers
3\. Product of two Numbers
4\. Division of two Numbers
5\. Exit

Enter the Choice: 5

說明:

在上面的程序中，我們使用了與上一個(gè)程序幾乎相似的程序。我們定義了加、減、乘、除等各種函數(shù)。然后，我們使用 while 循環(huán)向用戶打印菜單列表，并使用 if-elif-else 語句返回用戶需要的答案。結(jié)果，一個(gè)簡單的計(jì)算器被成功創(chuàng)建，并執(zhí)行一些基本的計(jì)算，如加法，減法，乘法和除法。

創(chuàng)建電話目錄的菜單驅(qū)動程序

在下面的菜單驅(qū)動程序中，我們將使用不同的功能創(chuàng)建電話簿目錄。我們將向電話簿目錄添加以下功能:

存儲人員的聯(lián)系號碼

使用人名搜索聯(lián)系號碼

讓我們在下面的程序中實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)想法:

程序:

# printing the heading of the program
print( "WELCOME TO THE PHONEBOOK DIRECTORY")

# creating a .txt file to store contact details
filename = "myphonebook.txt"
myfile = open(filename, "a+")
myfile.close

# defining main menu
def main_menu():
    print( "\nMAIN MENU\n")
    print( "1\. Show all existing Contacts")
    print( "2\. Add a new Contact")
    print( "3\. Search the existing Contact")
    print( "4\. Exit")
    choice = input("Enter your choice: ")
    if choice == "1":
        myfile = open(filename, "r+")
        filecontents = myfile.read()
        if len(filecontents) == 0:
            print( "There is no contact in the phonebook.")
        else:
            print(filecontents)
        myfile.close
        enter = input("Press Enter to continue ...")
        main_menu()
    elif choice == "2":
        newcontact()
        enter = input("Press Enter to continue ...")
        main_menu()
    elif choice == "3":
        searchcontact()
        enter = input("Press Enter to continue ...")
        main_menu()
    elif choice == "4":
        print("Thank you for using Phonebook!")
    else:
        print( "Please provide a valid input!\n")
        enter = input( "Press Enter to continue ...")
        main_menu()

# defining search function        
def searchcontact():
    searchname = input( "Enter First name for Searching contact record: ")
    remname = searchname[1:]
    firstchar = searchname[0]
    searchname = firstchar.upper() + remname
    myfile = open(filename, "r+")
    filecontents = myfile.readlines()

    found = False
    for line in filecontents:
        if searchname in line:
            print( "Your Required Contact Record is:", end = " ")
            print( line)
            found = True
            break
    if found == False:
        print( "The Searched Contact is not available in the Phone Book", searchname)

# first name
def input_firstname():
    first = input( "Enter your First Name: ")
    remfname = first[1:]
    firstchar = first[0]
    return firstchar.upper() + remfname

# last name
def input_lastname():
    last = input( "Enter your Last Name: ")
    remlname = last[1:]
    firstchar = last[0]
    return firstchar.upper() + remlname

# storing the new contact details
def newcontact():
    firstname = input_firstname()
    lastname = input_lastname()
    phoneNum = input( "Enter your Phone number: ")
    emailID = input( "Enter your E-mail Address: ")
    contactDetails = ("[" + firstname + " " + lastname + ", " + phoneNum + ", " + emailID +  "]\n")
    myfile = open(filename, "a")
    myfile.write(contactDetails)
    print( "The following Contact Details:\n " + contactDetails + "\nhas been stored successfully!")

main_menu()

輸出:

WELCOME TO THE PHONEBOOK DIRECTORY

MAIN MENU

1\. Show all existing Contacts
2\. Add a new Contact
3\. Search the existing Contact
4\. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
There is no contact in the phonebook.
Press Enter to continue ...

MAIN MENU

1\. Show all existing Contacts
2\. Add a new Contact
3\. Search the existing Contact
4\. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter your First Name: Mark
Enter your Last Name: Henry
Enter your Phone number: 1234567890
Enter your E-mail Address: [email?protected]
The following Contact Details:
 [Mark Henry, 1234567890, [email?protected]]

has been stored successfully!
Press Enter to continue ...

MAIN MENU

1\. Show all existing Contacts
2\. Add a new Contact
3\. Search the existing Contact
4\. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Enter First name for Searching contact record: Mark
Your Required Contact Record is: [Mark Henry, 1234567890, [email?protected]]

Press Enter to continue ...

MAIN MENU

1\. Show all existing Contacts
2\. Add a new Contact
3\. Search the existing Contact
4\. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
[Mark Henry, 1234567890, [email?protected]]

Press Enter to continue ...

MAIN MENU

1\. Show all existing Contacts
2\. Add a new Contact
3\. Search the existing Contact
4\. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Thank you for using Phonebook!

說明:

在上面的菜單驅(qū)動程序中，我們創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)電話簿目錄，它可以在文本文件中存儲新的聯(lián)系人，顯示存儲的聯(lián)系人，并允許用戶搜索現(xiàn)有的號碼。首先，我們創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)文本文件來存儲聯(lián)系方式。然后，我們定義了各種功能，以便添加、顯示和搜索不同的聯(lián)系人。我們還創(chuàng)建了不同的聯(lián)系人詳細(xì)信息字段，如名字、姓氏、手機(jī)號碼和電子郵件地址。結(jié)果程序成功完成，同樣的輸出如上圖所示。

結(jié)論

在上面的教程中，我們已經(jīng)理解了菜單驅(qū)動編程的含義以及一些例子。我們創(chuàng)建了三個(gè)不同的程序，包括測量程序、一個(gè)簡單的計(jì)算器和一個(gè)電話簿目錄。除了這三個(gè)，還有許多其他程序可以創(chuàng)建。